Witness Amish World Essay - 868 Words

The thriller film ‘Witness’, directed by Peter Weir in 1985, tells about cultural conflicts between the Amish of Western Pennsylvania and Modern American corruption and violence. Philadelphia Police officer, John Book was obligated to hide from the three brutally and corrupt police officers as they were looking for a little Amish boy, Samuel Lapp. The boy witnessed the brutal killings and identified the killer as the three police officers. The ‘Witness’ strongly displayed many images of people and incorporated several techniques and images in various scenes to portray the contrast between two different worlds. The scene depicts the peaceful and calm surroundings of the Amish. This is most apparent in the scene where a slow panning†¦show more content†¦The journey of Rachel and Samuel Lapp to Boston to visit Rachel’s sister becomes quite an experience. The varieties of camera shots give the audience Samuel’s perspective of Philadelphia station. Harsh and loud noises from large crowd contrasts with the high level angle shot of people walking around independently in the train station, increase the individualism of the modern world. In contrast, Amish community is a collective group. Within the murder scene at Pennsylvania train station, Samuel, a young, innocent and naive Amish boy views a horrific murder. The close up shot of Samuel’s terrified eyes is strongly contrasted with the camera shots were moving back and forth from Samuel’s face and the horrific event happening in front of him, the shots kept increasing in speed demonstrating Samuel’s bea ting heart. This is an unnatural scene to Samuel, one he would never have to experience within his Amish world. This emphasises the culture different views on violence in such a violent way. In the Amish society everyone is considered to be equal and taking of another people’s life will be shunned. However, this scene reinforces that violence has no place within the Amish culture, whereas the Western world would resort to whatever is necessary. Weir’s choices of urbanShow MoreRelatedEssay about Peter Weirs Witness1454 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Weirs Witness In the 1985 film witness director Peter Weir explores the sharp cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book (played by Harrison Ford), is forced into hiding by a group of corrupt fellow officers looking for a little Amish boy (played by Lukas Haas). The boy witnesses a brutal killing and identifies the policeman who did it from a photographRead MoreWitness: Old Amish Society1474 Words   |  6 Pages#65279; Witness In the 1985 film witness director peter weir explores the sharp cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book (played by Harrison Ford), is forced into hiding by a group of corrupt fellow officers looking for a little Amish boy (played by Lukas Haas). The boy witnesses a brutal killing and identifies the policemanRead MoreSocial Norms around the World879 Words   |  3 Pagesnorms. In the film Witness, director Peter Weir explores the distinct and huge cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book, is forced into hiding by a group of corrupt fellow officers looking for a little Amish boy, Samuel. The boy witnesses a merciless killing and identifies that one of the murders is Book’s boss. John Book and his witness hide in the houseRead MoreWitness Film Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Witness(underline witness), Directed by Peter Weir was famous in 1984. This film is about two cultures clashing with each other the Amish and The Western Society and a story line of a murder crime. â€Å"A big city cop who knows too much...His only evidence: A small boy who’s seen too much†. The main character of this film is Harrison Ford as John Book. Today I will be talking about two of the themes Peter Weir uses in the film ‘Witness’. They are the clash of two worlds and power. The firstRead MoreWhitness Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn the film Witness starring Harrison Ford, producer Peter Weir has created two different worlds with different value systems. He has done this through the use of juxta-positioning, camera angles set at different heights and the process of character development. In the Film, John Book played by Harrison Ford plays the parts of detective, protector, and refugee, all to solve the murder case of another Police Officer. The only witness to the murder is 7-year-old Samuel who is unofficially under BooksRead MoreWitness - Peter Weir1707 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish Essay – ‘Witness’ by Peter Weir The 1985 film witness, directed by Peter Weir is a crime/drama that develops the theme of conflict on a social, cultural and personal level. These areas of conflict are highlighted through the use of film techniques such as; camera shots, camera angles, lighting and costume. The film outlines the contrast between mainstream American society and the Amish community in regional Pennsylvania. While American society is seen as a violent and arrogant group ofRead MoreEssay about Cultural Differences: Witness - Peter Weir: Into the World709 Words   |  3 PagesThe film Witness, directed by Peter Weir portrays the concept of cultural differences between the Amish and the outside world through various film techniques. Weir demonstrates aspects of moving into the world using symbols, characterisation, setting and diegetic and non-diegetic sounds so to convey the significant cultural differences within the film. The contrast of the Amish and the outside world is expressed in the barn scene. The scene opens with the car, which is a symbol and motif of theRead MoreIdentity and Belonging Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a particular group, in which we believe our belonging lies; however, sometimes our search for belonging is not over. In the novel Member of the Wedding by Carson Mcullers, the main character, Frankie, is confused about where she fits into the world. She is consumed by her deep desire to belong. This drives her to believe that her place in life is with her brother. This of course is not the case as her brother is getting married and has no room for Frankie in his marriage. The novel encapsulatesRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Identity1239 Words   |  5 PagesOUR LIVES SHAPE OUR IDENTITY. Good morning ladies and Gentlemen. Do our surroundings and the people in our lives shape our identity? I will explore how this quotation is reflected in the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee, the film ‘Witness’, by Peter Weir, and the film ‘The Lion King’ by Roger Allers. The meaning of identity is not easily defined. Identity generally refers to the stable defining characteristics of a person that makes them an individual. I will explore a numberRead MoreWitness by Peter Weir Notes12043 Words   |  49 PagesNOTES ON MODULE B, WITNESS BY PETER WEIR, 1985 Introduction: * Engage in a detailed analysis of a text * Understanding of how the ideas, forms and language of a text interact within the text and may affect those responding to it. * Students will need an understanding of film techniques and of the police drama genre. Important aspects to know: * Visual techniquesenhance understanding of characters * Editing techniquescreate suspense, establish characters, create atmosphere, position

Theodore Roosevelt, President Of The United States

Theodore Roosevelt is the twenty-sixth president of the United States. He inherits the presidency due to the assassination of the former president, William Mckinley. One thing that stood out the most about President Roosevelt was that he had quite the overwhelming presence. To capture how people felt in his presence, Edmund Morris, the author of â€Å"Currents of the Progressive Era: Theodore Roosevelt, President,† (a chapter from the book entitled Portrait of America) writes that â€Å"people actually tingled in his company† and that â€Å"there was something sensually stimulating about him.† (Morris 95) . Something about his personality drew people to him. This is especially seen in the chapter when Morris expresses this view by including a comment Woodrow Wilson made about Roosevelt stating that â€Å"there is a sweetness about him that is very compelling.† (Morris 95). Roosevelt had a personality that was truly infectious to anyone nearby. Theodore Ro osevelt is a president of great character. Different people who have been in his presence tend to agree with this statement. To describe his physical exuberance, Morris relays that John Burroughs felt that being in â€Å"TR’s mere proximity made him nervous.† (Morris 95). He furthers this statement by adding that, â€Å"there was something imminent about him, like an avalanche that the sound your voice might loosen.† (Morris 95). This is exactly what made such an unforgettable impression on all who had the pleasure of associating themselves withShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt : The President Of The United States1981 Words   |  8 Pages Synthesis Essay – Theodore Roosevelt MSgt Mark A. Dubbe Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy May 25, 2015 Instructor: ME4 JY Wong Introduction - Theodore Roosevelt The 26th president of the United States was unexpectedly promoted into the presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. In 1899, Roosevelt gave a speech laying out a citizen’s responsibility to the nation. How willing was Roosevelt to live up to those sameRead MorePresident Theodore Roosevelt : The President Of The United States Of America1210 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States of America. Roosevelt was an adaptive compliant President. He expressed great work ethic and leadership during his time in the White House. In fact while he was in office Roosevelt viewed the President as the â€Å"steward of the people† and kept that mindset all throughout his presidency. President Roosevelt in history is one of the youngest Presidents to assume the position of office. The start of Roosevelt’s Presidency startedRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s President Of The United States967 Wor ds   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt became president after president McKinley was assassinated. Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States from 1901-1909. Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest United States president in history. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most popular and important to ever serve in the Chief Executive Office. During Theodores Roosevelts time as president he accomplished many things while president. A couple of his accomplishments were created when he introduced the Square Deal. TheRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : The First President Of The United States944 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt, better known as Teddy Roosevelt, was the twenty-sixth president of the United States. Originally, Roosevelt served as the Vice President, running on the Republican ticket with William McKinley. However, following the assassination of McKinley, Theodore took the role of president on September 14, 1901. President Roosevelt then won the 1904 election with his V ice President, Charles W. Fairbanks, in a land slide victory, earning over fifty percent of the popular vote and seventyRead MoreTheodore Teddy Roosevelt And The President Of The United States955 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States. He was born in New York City on October 27, 1858. His parents, Theodore and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, had 4 children. Teddy’s brother’s name was Elliot, and his sisters were Anna and Corinne. As a child, Teddy was active and curious. He had asthma, though, and was also nearsighted. He traveled a lot with his family. He went to Europe and the Middle East when he was 10 and 14. When he was 12, his father built a gymnasium forRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s President Of The United States Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt was the president of the United States during the time of 1901 to 1909. He was vice president during William McKinleyâ₠¬â„¢s term. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, Roosevelt had to step up. He was a Republican, but his foundations were more progressive. This plays a part in why he did not get the Republican nomination in the year 1912. He lost the nomination to his handpicked successor Taft, who had run as president in the previous term (1909-1913).Read MoreTheodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States of America1343 Words   |  6 PagesTheodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States of America was born on October 27, 1858. He was born in New York City, New York to his parents Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt. When he was little he had many health problems, such as asthma. He also had chronic stomach pains and headaches. Because of these problems, he didn’t go outside often, so he stuck to reading books and other types of indoor entertainment. When he was eighteen years old he moved to CambridgeRead MoreTheodore Rooseve lt : The First Modern President Of The United States Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesTheodore Roosevelt is widely thought of as the first modern President of the United States. The influence that the office has today began to develop during Roosevelt’s time in office. His impact is one that will not be forgotten. Theodore Roosevelt made many great contributions to the world. He was born into a prestigious and wealthy family on October 27, 1858 in New York City. He was given the nickname Teddy by his parents Theodore and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt and his three brothers and sistersRead MorePresident Theodore Roosevelt : The Power Of The United States Military2028 Words   |  9 PagesAlways Win President Theodore Roosevelt, well known for his extraordinary, worldly diplomatic skills, was quoted as saying, â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.† During the early twentieth century, he brandished that big stick, or convincingly threatened to, with remarkable efficacy in support of his country’s political objectives. The big stick that President Roosevelt carried with him as a diplomat and Commander in Chief was the superior power of the United States militaryRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : The President Of The United States Under The Republican Party932 Words   |  4 Pagesthe assassination of President McKinley in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt â€Å"Teddy† became the 26th president of the United States under the Republican Party. At age 42, he was the youngest president in the Nation s history. He brought new excitement to the Presidency. For example, Roosevelt was a lover of animals and wildlife and had more than 40 pets while in the White House. His daughter had a snake and his sons rode their pony on the elevators. Roosevelt was the first president to speak out on conservation

CHARACTER INTRODUCTION Essay Example For Students

CHARACTER INTRODUCTION Essay BILBO BAGGINS: The Hobbit who led the Dwarves to the LonelyMountain to recla im their treasure from the dragon Smaug. He foundthe One Ring in Gollums caveGANDALF: The Wizard that accompanies Bilbo and the dwarves ontheir quest. He is well versed in magic spells and often calls uponthem to save his comrades. THORIN OAKENSHIELD: Son of the King of Dwarves who were drivenfrom the Lonel y Mountain by Smaug. With the aid of Gandalf and Bilbohe seeks regain his trea sure and the throne. When Smaug died he trulybecame King under the Mountain, t hough he was killed in combat in thebattle of five Armies. SMAUG: The dragon of the Lonely Mountain who hordes the treasurehe stole from the dwarves of Dale. GOLLUM: He is perfect example of the evil powers of the One Ring. He was born a Hobbit but had the ring too long. It made him into aslimey little creature who only lives to possess the ring. BARD: The archer who killed Smaug. He shot the dragon in the onespot it had no protection. The towns people later considered him ahero. What the people didnt know it was Bilbo who discovered the weakspot in the dragons iron scales. BEORN: An enemy of orcs, he becomes friends with Bilbo andGandalf. He has th e ability to change forms from human to bear. Itis he who determines the outco me of the battle of five Armies. STORY SUMMARYThe book begins with Bilbo Baggins enjoying a pipe afterbreakfast. Th is is one of his favorite pleasures and he feels quitecontent in doing so. He is middle-aged, and resides in a clean warmburrow in the ground. One morning Gandalf, a wizard stops by to chat with Bilbo. Heinforms Bilbo that he is looking for someone to go on an adventure withhim. Although Bilbo is tempted he declines, but not before invitingGandalf for tea the next morning. The next day Bilbo hears his doorbell and he recalls invitingGandalf for tea, but instead of the wizard at the door, there is agroup of dwarves thirteen in all. Thorin son of the dwarf king starts to outline a plan on how toregain the tr easure stolen by the dragon Smaug. Bilbo is shocked torealize these plans involve him! He then realizes that Gandalf hastricked him by inscribing on his doo r that he was a burglar seeking ajob with lots of excitement. With all this talk of quests and gloryBilbo decides to join the party after all. Gandalf reveals a key and a map of their journey which ends at theLon ely Mountain. It is there that the treasure of Thorins ancestorsare kept-guar ded by Smaug. The quest begins and the party meets at the Green Dragon Inn. Fromthere they venture into the Lone-lands. As heavy rains begin to fall,Bilbo notice s that Gandalf is missing. When it starts to pour theystop to investigate a light. There Bilbo finds three trolls grumblingabout food. Bilbo decides to live up to title of burglar and attempts to pickone of the trolls pocket. However they quickly capture him. The dwarfssee whats going on and try to save poor Bilbo yet all of themexcept Thorin is caught. Thorin formulates a plan of freeing them butfails. Gandalf returns and occupies the trolls till dawn, then the turninto stone. They group take the two swords and a knife the trolls werecarrying. .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .postImageUrl , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:hover , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:visited , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:active { border:0!important; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:active , .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u120fe9dab98fca21b795a7dd96cdd72a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Humanities Through the Arts: Artistic Criticism EssayThe travelers come across the Secret Valley. There they stop atElrond s Last Homely House. Elrond tells them the only way to use thekey that Thorin possesses is to wait where the thrush knocks and thesetting sun will shine up on the keyhole. The next morning the group heads toward the Misty Mountains. Astorm has caused them to seek shelter in a cave. The cave howeverturns out to be an entrance to the goblin kingdom. Once again thegroup is captured. Only Gandalf is free, and he slays the Goblin King,and once again free the party from impend ing doom. During the escape Bilbo is knocked unconscious and is left behind. He awakes to find himself power which makes its wearer invisible thering which Bilbo found. Bilbo slips the ring upon his finger and disappears. He followsGollum stealthily toward the entrance to the outside world. He thenbounds over Gollu ms head to freedom. Outside he is reunited with

Simulation and Supply Chain Management

Introduction In the current global economy, organisations become successful depending on how well they are in a position to utilise and manage their supply chain. Supply chain forms a vital component of flow of materials in any organisation. A majority of the organisations has developed policies aimed at supply chain management, which work differently in different industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation and Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Chang and Makatsoris (2001), supply chain management was coined in the early 90s and it entails the process where manufacturers, suppliers, warehouses, and retailers are integrated with the aim of efficiency and cost reduction. When trying to put up systems to be utilised in organisations, some challenges may be encountered, which may affect the operation of the final product, hence the need for a simulation. The conventional definition of simulation holds that simulation is a model of the actual system, which can be experimented with the aim of predicting the efficiency of the real system (Banks 1998). Supply chain management can be simulated to establish the likely outcomes as the various parts are reconfigured or interfered with to achieve a particular result. Simulation can currently be achieved using special software that is in a position to generate the actual program, process, or product. One of the software used for this purpose is the Simul8, which will be utilised in this model. An example of a company that will be utilised in this simulation project is Paisley Pallets (LLc.), which is a family-owned business entity that has produced pallets since the beginning of the year 1965. The company operates in more than 50 countries and it produces pallets that are vital in the logistics industry. It has continued to be the leader in the market with more than 100,000 people visiting its different outle ts in a single year and more than 12,000 people working under the organisation. The company has a clear supply-chain management policy and a simulation of its manufacturing process and supply chain management is possible. This part is a literature review on simulation and supply chain management with a focus on the areas that simulation is applied and some of its advantages and disadvantages. Simulation and areas of application As aforementioned, simulation is used to create a model of a part of the real world, with the aim being to use this substitute to experiment or predict changes when alterations are made (Hollocks 1995). Simulation can be applied in a number of fields to predict changes when variations are made to the normal or known operational characteristics of any system. However, according to Hollocks (1995), the most common field where simulation is applied is in the manufacturing industry. Other sectors where simulation is applied include the finance, health, service, a nd retail sectors (Hollocks 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simulation allows the mitigation of crisis in any industry and supply chains are currently being made efficient by simulation. In the present day, global trade is a characteristic of any industry and supply chains of present day organisations run through continents, and thus simulations finds wide application in such areas. Therefore, supply chain management has evolved to be an important component of any organisational management. The simulation of supply chain is one of the methods that are currently being utilised by organisations to improve on their efficiency and output. As Ebrahimy, AbouRizk, Fernando, and Mohamed (2011) state, there are a number of toolkits that may be utilised in the simulation of a supply chain in organisations, but in their research, they focused on construction simulation tools Car son (2005, p. 17) describes a simulation model as a ‘descriptive model of a process or system and usually it includes parameters that allow the model to be configurable; that is, to represent a number of somewhat different system or process configurations’. Through the different configurations that are available, one can alter this model to achieve the desired results. Khorramabady (2006) posits that a good supply chain model should have a detailed model of the project, as well as a detailed upstream supply chain model, with the two constituting the two main important components. Supply chain management is reported to improve over the last few decades and one of the contributing factors is the presence of simulation as a tool. Zee and Vorst (2005) state that simulation has become an important tool in decision making in matters to do with supply chain management. The construction industry is one of the industries with complex supply chains, and thus in this industry, sup ply chain management is vital. Demand variability can adversely affect logistics management in the industry and its complexity can be addressed through a stochastic simulation modelling approach (Vadalakis, Tookey Sommervile 2011). Other researchers who recognise simulation as being important in supply chain management are Vankateswaran and Son (2004), and their experimental results emphasised on the same. They also state that more research is needed to test the experiments in different conditions of supply chains to prove that the use of simulation is efficient enough in different settings (Vankateswaran Son 2004). One of the products of simulation in supply chain management is the scheduling models that are applied in manufacturing, which improve the supply chain performance in the industry (Selvarajah Zhang 2013). Simulation of interaction between clients and organisations has also led to improvement in the workshop environment, which is attributable to facilitated modelling ( Robinson et al. 2014).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation and Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organisations do not exist in a vacuum and thus companies should engage with like-minded partners to improve on their performance in the industry. As such, partnerships have been developed in the supply chain systems especially for the multinational logistics networks. However, for large companies, local simulation paradigms are used in supply chains within the organisation to verify policies (Terzi Cavalieri 2004). Agriculture is another important industry where simulation is used in supply chain management. According to Cacho and Power (2014, p. 31), simulation can be used to develop a bio-economic model to estimate a stochastic risk frontier, which ‘is a novel approach to investigate the effects of management on the trade-offs between farm business profit and risk’. Long o (2011) also states that the use of simulation in supply chain management can be important in reducing crisis especially after the economic crisis that followed the major disasters in history. Long, Lin, and Sun (2011) suggest the use of simulation as a replacement for the traditional analytical model, which is unable to cope with the current supply chains that exist. According to Yang, Koziel, and Leifsson (2013, p. 859), some of the important trends in simulation and supply chain management include ‘nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms, Surrogate-based model and optimisation, Green computing and grid computing’. Various software tools are used in simulation in supply chain management and some of these tools include the Simul8. This computer package allows users to generate events and objects, which are defined in various characteristics to allow the simulation of the desired results. The software also comes with a number of plug-ins that maximises on its efficie ncy and ensures that the user is in a position to create the model as it appears in reality. Updates have also been made available, thus adding a number of advanced features. Gonzales (2013) also presents software that may be used in simulation of multiple models. However, further research is needed in some areas such as in supply chains with more than two stages as it exists in some industries (Albino, Carbonara Giannoccaro 2007). Advantages A number of advantages are associated with the use of simulation in supply chain management. One of the major advantages to the use of simulation in supply chain management is the reduction in operating time and costs (Hollocks 1995). Simulation allows the actual management of the supply chain to be efficient, and one of the ways in which the program achieves this goal is through a faster implementation of changes and reduction of the capital costs (Hollocks 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simulation has also allowed organisations to reduce the time taken to design a product and avail it to the market. Courtesy of this development, organisations can now ensure that products are always available in the market and at the right time. This move has ensured increased performance and profitability for companies that have adopted these policies. Some of the other benefits of using simulation as opposed to trying things in the real world include the reduction of risks (Vadalakis, Tookey Sommervile 2011). Organisations are in a position to simulate the supply chain and make alterations where potential risks arise, which has aided in risk reduction. Through simulation, managers and other parties involved in the supply chain can now have an understanding of how the process works, which leads to increased output and efficiency (Hollocks 1995). The program is also known to improve communication in organisations, as well as creating better working teams and skills (Hollocks 1995). Carson (2005) also states that simulation allows the identification of problems before a system is built or modified and at the same time allows for studies in dynamic systems. Disadvantages Whereas simulation in the supply chain has a number of advantages, a number of shortcomings are associated with this program. One of the demerits is that the creation of a simulation is time-consuming (Carson 2005). The time taken to develop the appropriate systems is important for the organisation as a whole and could be utilised in other activities. However, the advantages that come with simulation outweigh this disadvantage. The data that is also required in the construction of simulations is also costly to obtain and in some instances, it is not available to the organisations (Carson 2005). The making of simulations is important in the decision making for organisations on the appropriate supply chain policies. For effective decisions to be made, time should be invested. However, in the use of simulation, the time available before the decision making process is insufficient (Carson 2005). These are some of the disadvantage of the use of simulation in supply chain management. Reference List Albino, V, Carbonara, N, Giannoccaro, I 2007, ‘Supply chain cooperation in industrial districts: A simulation analysis’, European Journal of Operational Research  vol. 177 no. 1, pp. 261–280. Banks, J 1998, Handbook of Simulation: Principles, Methodology, Advances,  Applications, and Practice, Wiley, New York. Cacho, O Power, B 2014, ‘Identifying risk-efficient strategies using stochastic frontier analysis and simulation: An application to irrigated cropping in Australia’,  Agricultural Systems, vol.125 no. 6, pp. 23–32. Carson, J 2005, Introduction to Modelling and Simulation, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.120.8277rep=rep1type=pdf Chang, Y Makatsoris, H 2001, ‘Supply Chain Modelling Using Simulationâ €™,  Information Journal of Simulation, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 24-30. Ebrahimy, Y, AbouRizk, S, Fernando, S Mohamed, Y 2011, ‘Simulation modelling and sensitivity analysis of a tunnelling construction project’s supply chain’,  Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, vol.18 no.5, pp. 462-480. Gonzales, F 2013, ‘Real-Time Simulation, and Control of Large Scale Distributed Discrete Event Systems’, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 177–186. Hollocks, B 1995, ‘The Impact of Simulation in Manufacturing Decision Making’,  Control Engineering Practice, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 106-112. Khorramabady Y 2006, Symphony Supply Chain Simulator: A Toolkit for Modelling  Supply Chain Coordination and Information Sharing, University of Alberta, Canada. Longo, F 2011, ‘Advances of modelling and simulation in supply chain and industry’,  Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modelling and Simulation International, vol.87 no.8, pp. 651–656. Long, Q, Lin, J Sun, Z 2011, ‘Modelling and distributed simulation of supply chain with a multi-agent platform’, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing  Technology, vol. 55 no. 1, pp. 1241–1252. Robinson, S, Worthington, C, Burgess, N Radnor, Z 2014, ‘Facilitated modelling with discrete-event simulation: Reality or myth’, European Journal of Operational  Research, vol. 234 no. 1, pp. 231–240. Selvarajah, E Zhang, R, 2013, ‘Supply Chain Scheduling at the Manufacturer to Minimise Inventory Holding and Delivery Costs’, International Journal of Production  Economics, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 117–124. Terzi, S Cavalieri, S 2004, ‘Simulation in the supply chain context: a survey’,  Computers in Industry, vol. 53 no. 1, pp. 3–16. Vadalakis, C, Tookey, J Sommervile, J 2011, ‘Logistics simulation modelling across construction supply chainsâ€⠄¢, Construction Innovation, vol. 11 no. 2, pp. 212-228. Vankateswaran, J Son, Y 2004, ‘Impact of modelling approximations in supply chain analysis – an experimental study’, International Journal of Production  Research, vol. 42 no.15, pp. 2971-92 Yang, X, Koziel, S Leifsson, L 2013, ‘Computational Optimisation, Modelling and Simulation: Recent Trends and Challenges’, Procedia Computer Science, vol.18 no.1, pp. 855 – 860. Zee, S Vorst, I 2005 ‘A Modelling Framework for Supply Chain Simulation: Opportunities for Improved Decision’, Decision Sciences, vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 65-95. This essay on Simulation and Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Emelia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.